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# Using WinPcap in your programs
[WinPcap user's manual]

## Creating an application that uses wpcap.dll

To create an application that uses wpcap.dll with Microsoft Visual C++, follow these steps:

- Include the file pcap.h at the beginning of every source file that uses the functions exported by library.
- If your program uses Win32 specific functions of WinPcap, remember to include WPCAP among the preprocessor definitions.
- If your program uses the remote capture capabilities of WinPcap, add HAVE_REMOTE among the preprocessor definitions. Do not include remote-ext.h directly in your source files.
- Set the options of the linker to include the wpcap.lib library file. wpcap.lib can be found in the WinPcap developer's pack.
- Set the options of the linker to include the winsock library file ws2_32.lib. This file is distributed with the C compiler and contains the socket functions for Windows. It is needed by some functions used by the samples in the tutorial.

Remember that:

- To add a preprocessor definition, you must select Settings from the Project menu, then select C/C++ from the tab control, and under the category General, you must add the definition under the Preprocessor Definitions text box.
- To add a new library to the project with Microsoft Visual C++ 6.0, you must select Settings from the Project menu, then select Link from the tab control, and then add the name of the new library in the Object/library modules edit box.
- To add a new path where Microsoft Visual C++ 6.0 will look for the libraries, you must select Options from the Tools menu, then Directories from the tab control, Library files from the Show directories for combo box, and the add the path in the Directories box.
- To add a new path where Microsoft Visual C++ 6.0 will look for include files, you must select Options from the Tools menu, then Directories from the tab control, Include files from the Show directories for combo box, and the add the path in the Directories box.

## Sample programs

A couple of sample programs are provided to show the usage of the WinPcap API. The source of the examples, along with all the files needed to compile and run them, can be found in the Developer's Pack. For didactic purpose we provide here a browsable version of the code: it is possible to click on the variables and functions to jump the documentation of each of them. For a more complete set of samples, try WinPcap Tutorial Section.

### Packet Dump

This program reads packets from a file or a network adapter, depending on a command line switch. If a source is not provided, the program shows a list of available adapters, one of which can be selected. Once the capture is started, the program prints the timestamp, the length and the raw contents of the packets. Once compiled, it will run on all the Win32 platforms. It can be compiled to run on Unix as well (the makefile is provided).

    /*
     * Copyright (c) 1999 - 2005 NetGroup, Politecnico di Torino (Italy)
     * Copyright (c) 2005 - 2006 CACE Technologies, Davis (California)
     * All rights reserved.
     *
     * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
     * modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
     * are met:
     *
     * 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
     * notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
     * 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
     * notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
     * documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
     * 3. Neither the name of the Politecnico di Torino, CACE Technologies
     * nor the names of its contributors may be used to endorse or promote
     * products derived from this software without specific prior written
     * permission.
     *
     * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS
     * "AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT
     * LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR
     * A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT
     * OWNER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL,
     * SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT
     * LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE,
     * DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY
     * THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
     * (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE
     * OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
     *
     */

    #include <stdlib.h>
    #include <stdio.h>

    //
    // NOTE: remember to include WPCAP and HAVE_REMOTE among your
    // preprocessor definitions.
    //

    #include <pcap.h>

    #define LINE_LEN 16

    main(int argc, char **argv)
    {
    pcap_if_t *alldevs, *d;
    pcap_t *fp;
    u_int inum, i=0;
    char errbuf[PCAP_ERRBUF_SIZE];
    int res;
    struct pcap_pkthdr *header;
    const u_char *pkt_data;

        printf("pktdump_ex: prints the packets of the network using WinPcap.\n");
        printf("   Usage: pktdump_ex [-s source]\n\n"
               "   Examples:\n"
               "      pktdump_ex -s file://c:/temp/file.acp\n"
               "      pktdump_ex -s rpcap://\\Device\\NPF_{C8736017-F3C3-4373-94AC-9A34B7DAD998}\n\n");

        if(argc < 3)
        {

            printf("\nNo adapter selected: printing the device list:\n");
            /* The user didn't provide a packet source: Retrieve the local device list */
            if (pcap_findalldevs_ex(PCAP_SRC_IF_STRING, NULL, &alldevs, errbuf) == -1)
            {
                fprintf(stderr,"Error in pcap_findalldevs_ex: %s\n", errbuf);
                return -1;
            }

            /* Print the list */
            for(d=alldevs; d; d=d->next)
            {
                printf("%d. %s\n    ", ++i, d->name);

                if (d->description)
                    printf(" (%s)\n", d->description);
                else
                    printf(" (No description available)\n");
            }

            if (i==0)
            {
                fprintf(stderr,"No interfaces found! Exiting.\n");
                return -1;
            }

            printf("Enter the interface number (1-%d):",i);
            scanf("%d", &inum);

            if (inum < 1 || inum > i)
            {
                printf("\nInterface number out of range.\n");

                /* Free the device list */
                pcap_freealldevs(alldevs);
                return -1;
            }

            /* Jump to the selected adapter */
            for (d=alldevs, i=0; i< inum-1 ;d=d->next, i++);

            /* Open the device */
            if ( (fp= pcap_open(d->name,
                                100 /*snaplen*/,
                                PCAP_OPENFLAG_PROMISCUOUS /*flags*/,
                                20 /*read timeout*/,
                                NULL /* remote authentication */,
                                errbuf)
                                ) == NULL)
            {
                fprintf(stderr,"\nError opening adapter\n");
                return -1;
            }
        }
        else
        {
            // Do not check for the switch type ('-s')
            if ( (fp= pcap_open(argv[2],
                                100 /*snaplen*/,
                                PCAP_OPENFLAG_PROMISCUOUS /*flags*/,
                                20 /*read timeout*/,
                                NULL /* remote authentication */,
                                errbuf)
                                ) == NULL)
            {
                fprintf(stderr,"\nError opening source: %s\n", errbuf);
                return -1;
            }
        }

        /* Read the packets */
        while((res = pcap_next_ex( fp, &header, &pkt_data)) >= 0)
        {

            if(res == 0)
                /* Timeout elapsed */
                continue;

            /* print pkt timestamp and pkt len */
            printf("%ld:%ld (%ld)\n", header->ts.tv_sec, header->ts.tv_usec, header->len);

            /* Print the packet */
            for (i=1; (i < header->caplen + 1 ) ; i++)
            {
                printf("%.2x ", pkt_data[i-1]);
                if ( (i % LINE_LEN) == 0) printf("\n");
            }

            printf("\n\n");
        }

        if(res == -1)
        {
            fprintf(stderr, "Error reading the packets: %s\n", pcap_geterr(fp));
            return -1;
        }

        return 0;
    }

### Packet Filter

This is a more complete example of libpcap usage. It shows, among other things, how to create and set filters and how to save a capture to disk. It can be compiled under Win32 or Unix (projects and makefiles are provided). Pcap_filter (pf.exe) is a general-purpose packet filtering application: its input parameters are a source of packets (it can be a physical interface or a file), a filter and an output file. It takes packets from the source until CTRL+C is pressed or the whole file is processed, applies the filter to the incoming packets and saves them to the output file if they satisfy the filter. Pcap_filter can be used to dump network data according to a particular filter, but also to extract a set of packets from a previously saved file. The format of both input and output files is the format used by libpcap, i.e. same of WinDump, tcpdump and many other network tools.

    /*
     * Copyright (c) 1999 - 2005 NetGroup, Politecnico di Torino (Italy)
     * Copyright (c) 2005 - 2006 CACE Technologies, Davis (California)
     * All rights reserved.
     *
     * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
     * modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
     * are met:
     *
     * 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
     * notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
     * 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
     * notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
     * documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
     * 3. Neither the name of the Politecnico di Torino, CACE Technologies
     * nor the names of its contributors may be used to endorse or promote
     * products derived from this software without specific prior written
     * permission.
     *
     * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS
     * "AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT
     * LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR
     * A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT
     * OWNER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL,
     * SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT
     * LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE,
     * DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY
     * THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
     * (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE
     * OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
     *
     */

    #include <stdlib.h>
    #include <stdio.h>

    #include <pcap.h>

    #define MAX_PRINT 80
    #define MAX_LINE 16

    void usage();

    void main(int argc, char **argv)
    {
    pcap_t *fp;
    char errbuf[PCAP_ERRBUF_SIZE];
    char *source=NULL;
    char *ofilename=NULL;
    char *filter=NULL;
    int i;
    pcap_dumper_t *dumpfile;
    struct bpf_program fcode;
    bpf_u_int32 NetMask;
    int res;
    struct pcap_pkthdr *header;
    const u_char *pkt_data;

        if (argc == 1)
        {
            usage();
            return;
        }

        for(i=1;i < argc; i+= 2)
        {

            switch (argv[i] [1])
            {
                case 's':
                {
                    source=argv[i+1];
                };
                break;

                case 'o':
                {
                    ofilename=argv[i+1];
                };
                break;

                case 'f':
                {
                    filter=argv[i+1];
                };
                break;
            }
        }

        // open a capture from the network
        if (source != NULL)
        {
            if ( (fp= pcap_open(source,
                                1514 /*snaplen*/,
                                PCAP_OPENFLAG_PROMISCUOUS /*flags*/,
                                20 /*read timeout*/,
                                NULL /* remote authentication */,
                                errbuf)
                                ) == NULL)
            {
                fprintf(stderr,"\nUnable to open the adapter.\n");
                return;
            }
        }

        else usage();

        if (filter != NULL)
        {
            // We should loop through the adapters returned by the pcap_findalldevs_ex()
            // in order to locate the correct one.
            //
            // Let's do things simpler: we suppose to be in a C class network ;-)
            NetMask=0xffffff;

            //compile the filter
            if(pcap_compile(fp, &fcode, filter, 1, NetMask) < 0)
            {
                fprintf(stderr,"\nError compiling filter: wrong syntax.\n");
                return;
            }

            //set the filter
            if(pcap_setfilter(fp, &fcode)<0)
            {
                fprintf(stderr,"\nError setting the filter\n");
                return;
            }

        }

        //open the dump file
        if (ofilename != NULL)
        {
            dumpfile= pcap_dump_open(fp, ofilename);

            if (dumpfile == NULL)
            {
                fprintf(stderr,"\nError opening output file\n");
                return;
            }
        }
        else usage();

        //start the capture
        while((res = pcap_next_ex( fp, &header, &pkt_data)) >= 0)
        {

            if(res == 0)
            /* Timeout elapsed */
            continue;

            //save the packet on the dump file
            pcap_dump((unsigned char *) dumpfile, header, pkt_data);

        }
    }

    void usage()
    {

        printf("\npf - Generic Packet Filter.\n");
        printf("\nUsage:\npf -s source -o output_file_name [-f filter_string]\n\n");
        exit(0);
    }

documentation. Copyright (c) 2002-2005 Politecnico di Torino. Copyright (c) 2005-2007 CACE Technologies. All rights reserved.